六种重要玉米病害病原名称的厘定

真菌、细菌、病毒等引起的病害是玉米生产的重要威胁。在中国,玉米种植地域广,种植区生态类型多,病害种类复杂,常见病害有30余种。中国的玉米病害研究历史不足百年,从事研究的专业人员也较少,导致玉米病害知识的传播受到一定影响,其表现之一就是我国在一些玉米病害病原名称的采用上存在明显混乱,已被弃用的旧病原名称还在普遍应用。这种现状影响了玉米病害科学研究信息在国内和国际上的正常交流。本文梳理了瘤黑粉病、丝黑穗病、红叶病、北方炭疽病、圆斑病、黑束病6种玉米病害病原学名的历史变迁,重点结合近年在形态学和分子系统分类学等方面的研究进展,明确了这6种病害病原在目前应该采用的正确名称。(1)玉米瘤黑粉病病原无论是形态学和分子生物学都有别于Ustilago属物种的特征,已恢复其名称为1912年命名的Mycosarcoma maydis(DC.)Bref.(玉蜀黍瘿黑粉菌),曾被广为采用的Ustilago maydis(DC.)Corda(玉蜀黍黑粉菌)成为异名;(2)基于Sporisorium属与Sphacelotheca在寄主科选择上的差异以及对玉米丝黑穗病致病菌的形态学、寄主病害特征和多基因序列分析的结果,Sporisorium reilianum(J.G.Kühn)LangdonFullerton.(丝孢堆黑粉菌)被确定为玉米丝黑穗病病原的正确名称,而Sphacelotheca reiliana(J.G.Kühn)Clinton成为异名之一。由于Sporisorium reilianum种内存在对玉米和高粱的致病性分化,玉米致病菌又可称为Sporisoriumreilianum f.sp.zeae(丝孢堆黑粉菌玉米专化型);(3)普遍认为大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)引起玉米红叶病,但近年通过对致病病毒的测序,明确了多种病毒和株系是该病的病原。在中国,引起玉米红叶病的为马铃薯卷叶病毒属(Polerovirus)的小麦黄矮病毒-GPV(Wheat yellow dwarf virus-GPV)和玉米黄矮病毒-RMV(Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV);(4)尽管在形态学方面有许多相似性,但通过多基因序列的比较研究,证明Kabatiella属完全有别于Aureobasidium属,因此,玉米北方炭疽病病原的学名应该采用Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka(玉蜀黍球梗孢),Aureobasidium zeae(Narita et Hiratsuka)Dingley作为异名处理;(5)分生孢子呈蠕孢状的真菌经历了数次属的变化,但形态学、基因序列信息、生活史、次生代谢物等特征的研究表明,引起玉米圆斑病的病原Bipolaris zeicola(G.L.Stout)Shoemaker(玉米生平脐蠕孢)是一个独立的物种,其无性态名称的保留得到了国际真菌命名委员会的同意;(6)对物种名称Cephalosporium acremonium的长期混乱使用使得其已经失去了纯粹种的含义,而Acremonium拥有150余个种并对应多个有性态属,已经成为了一个庞杂属。大量的分子生物学特征研究揭示了Acremonium属的异质性,以分子特征和形态学结合的方法,重新划分和新建了相关的属,Sarocladium strictum(W.Gams)Summerbell(直帚枝杆孢)成为了玉米黑束病病菌的新种名,而Cephalosporium acremonium Corda和Acremonium strictum Gams是其异名。     

Cronobacter spp., foodborne pathogens threatening neonates and infants

Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) are special foodborne pathogens. Cronobacter infection can cause necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis and meningitis in all age groups, especially neonates and infants, with a high fatality of up to 80%, although the infection is rare. Outbreaks of Cronobacter infection are epidemiologically proven to be associated with contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Cronobacter spp. can resist dry environments and survive for a long period in food with low water activity. Therefore, Cronobacter spp. have become serious pathogens of neonates and infants, as well as in the dairy industry. In this review, we present the taxonomy, pathogenesis, resistance, detection and control of Cronobacter spp.     

植物病原菌SSR标记开发与利用

SSR标记具有共显性、高多态性、位点专化性、稳定性好、操作技术简单等特点,是十分理想的分子标记。随着一些简单、经济和高效的SSR分离技术的发展,SSR标记已逐渐在植物病原菌中被开发和利用。本文综述了植物病原菌中SSR标记的主要开发策略及其应用进展。     

Note:In vitro antagonism of actinomycetes isolated from fungus-growing ants against plant pathogenic fungi

Fungus-growing ants have been found recently to be symbiotic with actinomycetes living on the ant’s cuticle; these bacteria are inhibitory to soil fungi that are detrimental to the ants’ fungus gardens. In order to investigate whether actinomycetes found on the cuticle of attine ants also had inhibitory properties against plant pathogenic fungi, we isolated 32 strains of actinomycetes from fungus-growing ants (Atta, Trachymyrmex, andCyphomyrmex), from the Mexican states of Coahuila, Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. Of the actinomycetes tested against selected plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium sp.) on Czapek-Dox agar medium, 13 isolates inhibited at least one of the fungi.C. lindemuthianum was inhibited by 11 actinomycetes, andRhizoctonia by three. An actinomycete strain isolated fromCyphomyrmex rimosus inhibited all five fungi tested. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 30, 2008.     

毛发皮质醇激素作为慢性应激评定指标的研究进展

将毛发皮质醇激素作为反映慢性应激程度的黄金标准具有前瞻性和创新性。毛发皮质醇激素不仅可用于检测及估计动物慢性应激程度,且有助于了解动物体生理病理过程,并及时制定行之有效的健康管理策略。血液、唾液、尿液及乳汁中皮质醇激素含量作为反映急性应激程度的模型,被用于检测和建立持续的皮质醇激素昼夜循环规律研究。而毛发作为一个很好的补充模型却可以回顾性地反映慢性应激程度。毛发皮质醇激素作为反映慢性应激的生化指标不仅具有采样应激小、检测灵敏、方便的优点,而且是可遗传性状(h²=0.31),可以作为下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)活性标记,进而利用其解释遗传变异对慢性应激中HPA轴活性变化的影响程度。作者综述了皮质醇激素与动物体健康的关系,慢性应激下机体调节机理及遗传适应改变,慢性应激评定指标研究进展,毛发作为皮质醇激素研究模型的研究进展,以及毛发皮质醇激素作为反映慢性应激的生化指标的限制与未来面对的挑战。     

Chlorophyll fluorescence for visualizing the spatial and temporal spread of Phytophthora alni subsp. alni in alder bark tissue

The impact of alder Phytophthora (Phytophthora alni subsp. alni) on corticular photosynthetic metabolism was explored via measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence. Stem inoculation induced a sharp reduction of maximum (F_v/F_m) and effective quantum yield of PSII (). Observations of the axial and radial spread of the pathogen revealed that near to the point of inoculation and in the whole centre of the stem lesion F_v/F_m and of the cortex chlorenchyma decreased to almost zero, indicating tissue necrosis. Low values of F_v/F_m and were also found in some presymptomatic regions beyond the visible stem lesion. In contrast, substantial photosynthetic activity was found in uninvaded parts of the inoculated trees and in the control. These stem parts showed a marked light‐adapted quantum efficiency of PSII as well as marked electron transport rates in their bark tissues. Thus, corticular photosynthesis stayed unaffected in these stem parts supporting stem carbon balance. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in the field illustrated that stem infection with P. alni subsp. alni and the effect on the bark tissues is not only highly heterogeneous but also underlies very quick temporal changes, due to a rapid destruction of the photosynthetic apparatus. The results show that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements and fluorescence imaging are useful indicators of tissue infection caused by Phytophthora infection of bark tissues. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements can be used to map and visualize the spatial as well as temporal spread of bark pathogens and can give a first indication of invasion of the host tissue beyond the visible lesion.     

A yellows disease system with differing principal host plants for the obligatory pathogen and its vector

A stolbur‐type phytoplasma is the putative pathogen of grapevine yellows disease that causes economic damage to vineyards in most growing areas around the world. The pathogen is known to be transmitted to vines by two planthoppers, Hyalesthes obsoletus and Reptalus panzer; the latter is found in Europe but has not yet been observed in Israel. The establishment of a vector–pathogen–plant relationship requires that the pathogen and the vector meet on a shared host plant. This does not happen in the ecosystem examined here, where two different principal host plants for the obligate pathogen and its vector exist: the pathogen is established on vines, while its vector, H. obsoletus, develops on Vitex agnus‐castus. The present study verified that: (i) the vector cannot complete its life cycle on vines; (ii) V. agnus‐castus does not grow in the immediate vicinity of vines, and does not harbour the pathogen; and (iii) the pathogen is not vertically transmitted from mother to offspring. Moreover, in a thorough search of plants in vine growing areas, no other plants were found that host both the vector and the pathogen. However, it was found that the planthopper can acquire the phytoplasma from infected vines. Nonetheless, this does not prove the ability of the planthopper to further transmit the pathogen to vines and does not explain the presence of the vector on the non‐preferred vines. Thus, the enigma of the pathogen–vector–host triangle in this system remains unresolved.     

Deep‐sequencing revealed Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) as a highly aggressive pathogen on hop

Newly emerging or re‐emerging diseases are a constant and significant threat to agricultural production, so prompt and accurate identification of the causative agents is required for rapid and appropriate disease management. Classical methods of pathogen detection can be successfully supplemented by next‐generation sequencing (NGS), whereby sequence analysis can help in the discovery of new or emerging diseases. In 2007, hop growers in Slovenia reported the appearance of severely stunted hop plants, a phenomenon that spread rapidly within hop gardens and among farms. Classical diagnostic methods were unable to detect a new pathogen; therefore, single step high‐throughput parallel sequencing of total RNA and small RNAs from plants with and without symptoms was employed to identify a novel pathogen. The sequences were assembled de novo and also mapped to reference genomes, resulting in identification of a novel sequence of Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd) in the stunted hop plants. Furthermore, the presence of this novel pathogen on hop was confirmed by RT‐PCR analysis of 59 plants with symptoms from 15 hop gardens, representing the main outbreak locations identified by systematic disease monitoring, and small RNA Illumina sequencing of the bulked RNA sample. The high infectivity of the newly identified CBCVd was also confirmed by biolistic inoculation of two hop cultivars, which developed aggressive symptoms in controlled conditions. This study shows the feasibility of deep sequencing for the identification of causative agents of new diseases in hop and other plants.     

New insights into radiata pine seedling root infection by Fusarium circinatum

Pine root infection by Fusarium circinatum has been reported in the literature, but the underlying pathogenic interaction is poorly understood. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged F. circinatum isolate, together with confocal microscopy, was used in order to monitor the events associated with root infection of Pinus radiata seedlings. It was found that in order to reach and successfully infect pine roots, F. circinatum employed features that are similar to those previously described for other root‐infecting pathogens, such as mycelial strands, single runner hyphae and simple hyphopodia as well as other features that are reminiscent of those that are known to be involved in biotrophic invasion, such as bulbous invasive hyphae and filamentous invasive hyphae. Abundant sporulation was observed at the root surface as well as inside tracheids both in roots and in the root collar region. The fungus can spread from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant, and once there, colonization appears to be similar to the process that occurs when the pathogen is inoculated in the stem. Wilting symptoms and plant demise may be the result of a reduction in water uptake by roots and of the blockage of the vascular system by fungal hyphae and resin.     

一种新油茶炭疽病原多基因序列鉴定

从湖南、广西油茶叶上分离获得5株能侵染油茶树的病原菌。通过柯赫氏法则证明该病原菌为油茶炭疽病的致病菌。病菌菌落圆形,初期为白色,逐渐变为浅灰色;气生菌丝由白色和灰白色渐变为深灰色绒状;菌落背面中心颜色深,外部颜色浅;菌丝划伤后在PDA培养基上能产生橘黄色的分生孢子堆,分生孢子为单胞、直、圆柱状、无色、光滑、两头钝圆或一端稍尖,分生孢子大小(11~15)μm×(4~5)μm;菌丝体附着胞不规则状,浅褐色,(8~12)μm×(5.5~7)μm。采用形态学结合多基因(核糖体内转录间隔区(ITS)、钙调蛋白-CAL、3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶-GAPDH)系统学的方法对它们进行鉴定,结果发现,5个菌株均为暹罗刺盘孢(Colletotrichum siamense)。这是国内油茶上C.siamense的首次报道。